مذكرة تأسيس إنجليزي
Memorandum and articles of Association of the
INTERNATIONAL BIJA CULTURAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATION
[I.B.C.R.A]
The 'IBCRA' is a voluntary, non-governmental, non-profit making Association, whose aim is to compile, study and document the Bija culture. The word 'culture' is used here to cover language, arts, literature, tradition, Customs, beliefs, social norms and relevant development studies.
Objectives
1- Establishment of the written language (in Arabic and Latin Scripts) and promoting literacy materials and education in Bedawiet.
2- Publication of both bi- and trilingual dictionaries (Beja/Arabic/English).
3- Research into the relationships between Beja and other languages to elucidate its linguistic ancestry.
4- Collection of a comprehensive corpus of Beja literature in its various forms and genres.
5- Exploration of Beja culture and its relationships to other cultures.
6- Promotion of a systematic archaeological study of Beja history with the aim of establishing a definitive historical record.
7- Issue of published materials on Beja culture.
8- Promotion of exhibitions, conferences and symposia on Beja culture.
9- Fostering relationships with research centers and academic institutions in Sympathy with the aims of the Association.
10- Developing of a Center and Institute for Beja Culture.
11- Fostering academic research, especially by Beja speakers.
Articles of Association:
The Administrative system of IBCRA shall consist of a General Assembly, and a Board of Directors.
The General Assembly:
Shall convene every two years.
Shall decide general policy and outline procedures that best achieve the aims of the Association.
Shall elect a board of five directors.
The Board of Directors:
Shall specify operating procedures as directed by the General Assembly.
Shall, at its first meeting, elect from its members a chairman, two vice- presidents, an administrative secretary and a financial secretary.
Shall have as a quorum three fifths of its members.
Shall have a fixed duration of two years after which new elections shall be held.
The Board of Directors shall produce a report of all its activities and shall present this to the meeting of the General Assembly.
Simple majority will take the resolutions, and the chairman shall have the casting vote.
The Board of Directors may appoint ad hoc committees for every activity of the Association,Members of these committees may be co-opted from outside the Association.
The Board will strive to obtain scholarships for its members in relevant fields of study. Applications from members for these scholarships will be assessed by the board and awarded by them as appropriate.
The board may appoint salaried officials to further the work of the Association.
Duties of Board Office Holders
The Chairman:
shall chair both the Board of Directors and the General Assembly.
Shall report on all his activities to the Board.
The Chairmen or his delegate shall be the representative of the Association before others.
The Administrative Secretary:
Shall be responsible for safe keeping and filing of all Association documents.
Shall be responsible for convening meetings after being so instructed by the Chairman.
Shall be responsible for taking minutes at Board meetings.
Shall present an Annual administrative report to the Board of Directors.
Shall present a report to the GM about the lapsed session.
The Financial Secretary:
Shall be responsible to the Board for all financial matters relating to the Association.
Shall maintain accounts that accurately represent the financial state of the association.
Shall present annual accounts to the Board and to the General Assembly.
To be accountable before the Board and G. M. in regard to all pecuniary matters- as decided by the Board- in respect of revenues and expenditure.
b) To present an annual performances report to the Board.
c) To present a report to the GM about the lapsed session.
Membership
The Association Membership is open to All Beja People and to all those actively interested in the aims of the Association.
Terms of Membership:
1- All prospective members must submit a written application or fill in the Association's membership application form.
2- Acceptance for membership of the Association will depend on the agreement of the board or a membership committee authorized by it.
3- Membership will be dependent on payment of the annual subscription decided by the board.
4- Students and full members of universities may enjoy reduced rates at the discretion of the Board or the Membership Committee. In order to qualify they must produce documentary evidence of their status.
5- All membership payments will be made to the Financial Secretary.
6- At the discretion of the Board a member may be offered a reduction in their subscription if they pay five or more years in advance.
7- Any Association member of ten or more years standing and who has paid all his subscriptions may be offered life membership free of further charge.
Honorary Membership
The Board may offer honorary Membership to any researcher who presents a dissertation on any aspect of Beja Culture.
Honorary membership of the Association shall not exceed 40 in number, and no more than five may be appointed at each session of the Board.
An honorary member is exempt from all membership subscriptions.
An honorary member may not vote at meetings of the General Assembly but may participate fully in all debates and discussions.
The Board of Directors may cancel any honorary membership if it is felt to be in the interests of the Association.
Association Finance
The financial resources of the Association are:
a) Membership subscriptions.
b) Donations and grants.
c) Income from the Association 's cultural activities.
Addenda
1- None of the above Articles of the Association may be altered without a Two-thirds majority of the General Assembly.
2- The Arabic Text is the original text of this Memorandum and Articles of Association.
461248 تعليقات
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الجمعة, 17 كانون2/يناير 2025 22:34
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Scientists have identified an estimated 10% of all species on Earth. Here’s what they found in 2024
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A toothy toadstool. A vegetarian piranha with a distinctive mark. And a pygmy pipehorse floating in the Indian Ocean shallows.
These wild wonders were among the hundreds of previously unknown species of animals, plants and fungi that scientists named and described for the first time in 2024, expanding our surprisingly limited knowledge of Earth’s diversity.
“Scientists estimate that we’ve identified only one-tenth of all species on Earth,” said Dr.
Shannon Bennett, chief of science at the California Academy of Sciences, in a statement.
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“While it is critical to place protections on known threatened species, we must also allocate resources towards identifying unknown species that may be just as important to the functioning of an ecosystem,” Bennett said.
Researchers connected to the institution described 138 new species in 2024, including 32 fish. One standout was a pygmy pipehorse named Cylix nkosi. The seahorse relative was originally found in 2021 in the cool temperate waters surrounding the North Island of New Zealand, but the species described this year was discovered in the subtropical waters off South Africa, expanding the known range of this group to the Indian Ocean
“South African reefs present notoriously difficult diving conditions with rough weather and intense, choppy waves — we knew we only had one dive to find it,” underwater photographer and marine biologist Richard Smith said in a statement.
“This species is also quite cryptic, about the size of a golf tee, but luckily we spotted a female camouflaged against some sponges about a mile offshore on the sandy ocean floor.”
The researchers involved in describing the new species chose nkosi as its name. A reference to the local Zulu word for “chief,” the name reflects the species’ crown-like head shape and acknowledges South Africa’s KwaZulu-Natal province where it was found. -
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الجمعة, 17 كانون2/يناير 2025 22:32
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الجمعة, 17 كانون2/يناير 2025 22:31
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الجمعة, 17 كانون2/يناير 2025 22:31
مشارك من قبل JeromeExcic
The survivors of recent crashes were sitting at the back of the plane. What does that tell us about airplane safety?
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Look at the photos of the two fatal air crashes of the last two weeks, and amid the horror and the anguish, one thought might come to mind for frequent flyers.
The old frequent-flyer adage is that sitting at the back of the plane is a safer place to be than at the front — and the wreckage of both Azerbaijan Airlines flight 8243 and Jeju Air flight 2216 seem to bear that out.
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The 29 survivors of the Azeri crash were all sitting at the back of the plane, which split into two, leaving the rear half largely intact. The sole survivors of the South Korean crash, meanwhile, were the two flight attendants in their jumpseats in the very tail of the plane.
So is that old adage — and the dark humor jokes about first and business class seats being good until there’s a problem with the plane — right after all?
In 2015, TIME Magazine reporters wrote that they had combed through the records of all US plane crashes with both fatalities and survivors from 1985 to 2000, and found in a meta-analysis that seats in the back third of the aircraft had a 32% fatality rate overall, compared with 38% in the front third and 39% in the middle third.
Even better, they found, were middle seats in that back third of the cabin, with a 28% fatality rate. The “worst” seats were aisles in the middle third of the aircraft, with a 44% fatality rate.
But does that still hold true in 2024?
According to aviation safety experts, it’s an old wives’ tale.
“There isn’t any data that shows a correlation of seating to survivability,” says Hassan Shahidi, president of the Flight Safety Foundation. “Every accident is different.”
“If we’re talking about a fatal crash, then there is almost no difference where one sits,” says Cheng-Lung Wu, associate professor at the School of Aviation of the University of New South Wales, Sydney.
Ed Galea, professor of fire safety engineering at London’s University of Greenwich, who has conducted landmark studies on plane crash evacuations, warns, “There is no magic safest seat.” -
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الجمعة, 17 كانون2/يناير 2025 22:17
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Most plane crashes are ‘survivable’
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First, the good news. “The vast majority of aircraft accidents are survivable, and the majority of people in accidents survive,” says Galea. Since 1988, aircraft — and the seats inside them — must be built to withstand an impact of up to 16G, or g-force up to 16 times the force of gravity. That means, he says, that in most incidents, “it’s possible to survive the trauma of the impact of the crash.”
For instance, he classes the initial Jeju Air incident as survivable — an assumed bird strike, engine loss and belly landing on the runway, without functioning landing gear. “Had it not smashed into the concrete reinforced obstacle at the end of the runway, it’s quite possible the majority, if not everyone, could have survived,” he says.
The Azerbaijan Airlines crash, on the other hand, he classes as a non-survivable accident, and calls it a “miracle” that anyone made it out alive.
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Most aircraft involved in accidents, however, are not — as suspicion is growing over the Azerbaijan crash — shot out of the sky.
And with modern planes built to withstand impacts and slow the spread of fire, Galea puts the chances of surviving a “survivable” accident at at least 90%.
Instead, he says, what makes the difference between life and death in most modern accidents is how fast passengers can evacuate.
Aircraft today must show that they can be evacuated in 90 seconds in order to gain certification. But a theoretical evacuation — practiced with volunteers at the manufacturers’ premises — is very different from the reality of a panicked public onboard a jet that has just crash-landed.
Galea, an evacuation expert, has conducted research for the UK’s Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) looking at the most “survivable” seats on a plane. His landmark research, conducted over several years in the early 2000s, looked at how passengers and crew behaved during a post-crash evacuation, rather than looking at the crashes themselves. By compiling data from 1,917 passengers and 155 crew involved in 105 accidents from 1977 to 1999, his team created a database of human behavior around plane crashes.
His analysis of which exits passengers actually used “shattered many myths about aircraft evacuation,” he says. “Prior to my study, it was believed that passengers tend to use their boarding exit because it was the most familiar, and that passengers tend to go forward. My analysis of the data demonstrated that none of these myths were supported by the evidence.” -
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الجمعة, 17 كانون2/يناير 2025 22:16
مشارك من قبل DannyTwede
A year ago today, things went from bad to worse for Boeing
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At 5 p.m. PT on January 5, 2024, Boeing seemed like a company on the upswing. It didn’t last. Minutes later, a near-tragedy set off a full year of problems.
As Alaska Airlines flight 1282 climbed to 16,000 feet in its departure from Portland, Oregon, a door plug blew out near the rear of the plane, leaving a gaping hole in the fuselage. Phones and clothing were ripped away from passengers and sent hurtling into the night sky. Oxygen masks dropped, and the rush of air twisted seats next to the hole toward the opening.
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Fortunately, those were among the few empty seats on the flight, and the crew got the plane on the ground without any serious injuries. The incident could have been far worse — even a fatal crash.
Not much has gone right for Boeing ever since. The company has had one misstep after another, ranging from embarrassing to horrifying. And many of the problems are poised to extend into 2025 and perhaps beyond.
The problems were capped by another Boeing crash in South Korea that killed 179 people on December 29 in what was in the year’s worst aviation disaster. The cause of the crash of a 15-year old Boeing jet flown by Korean discount carrier Jeju Air is still under investigation, and it is quite possible that Boeing will not be found liable for anything that led to the tragedy.
But unlike the Jeju crash, most of the problems of the last 12 months have clearly been Boeing’s fault.
And 2024 was the sixth straight year of serious problems for the once proud, now embattled company, starting with the 20-month grounding of its best selling plane, the 737 Max, following two fatal crashes in late 2018 and early 2019, which killed 346 people.
Still the outlook for 2024 right before the Alaska Air incident had been somewhat promising. The company had just achieved the best sales month in its history in December 2023, capping its strongest sales year since 2018.
It was believed to be on the verge of getting Federal Aviation Administration approval for two new models, the 737 Max 7 and Max 10, with airline customers eager to take delivery. Approvals and deliveries of its next generation widebody, the 777X, were believed to be close behind. Its production rate had been climbing and there were hopes that it could be on the verge of returning to profitability for the first time since 2018. -
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الجمعة, 17 كانون2/يناير 2025 22:08
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Die Plinko-Software ist eine virtuelle Umsetzung des bekannten Arcade-Spiels, bei dem ein Spielball durch ein Netzwerk von Pins fallt und am Ende in einer der unteren Gewinnzonen landet. Die App hat sich schnell zu einem Liebling unter Gaming-Liebhabern entwickelt, insbesondere in unter deutschen Spielern, wo das die Nachfrage nach Glucksspiel-Apps stetig wachst.
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Die Anziehungskraft der Plinko-Glucksspielanwendung liegt in ihrer Kombination aus Einfachheit und Spannung. Anders als bei intensiven Wettkampfspielen wie Poker oder Roulette braucht es keinerlei Spezialwissen. Stattdessen kann jeder sofort einsteigen und Spa? haben. Ein weiterer Grund fur die Attraktivitat ist die Individuelle Gestaltungsmoglichkeit der App. Spieler konnen die Setzoptionen personalisieren und die Spielgeschwindigkeit selbst bestimmen. Daruber hinaus fesseln die Grafiken die Spieler und beeindruckende Audioeffekte, die das Spiel zu einem echten Erlebnis machen.
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Die Nutzermeinungen uber das Plinko Game sind gemischt. Einige Feedbacks machen deutlich von gro?en Gewinnen und schatzen die einfache Bedienung. Andere hinterfragen, dass das Spiel auf lange Sicht teuer wird, was nicht ungewohnlich ist. Dennoch zeigen Erfahrungen, dass die App im Kern ein sicheres Spielprinzip hat. -
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الجمعة, 17 كانون2/يناير 2025 22:07
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Winning strategies for Aviator may be a game of chance, but there are different strategies that can help improve your chances of success. One widely used strategy is the "cautious approach" approach. In this strategy, players opt for to withdraw at a low multiplier, sealing that they win steadily but with modest returns. This method limits the risk of losing a large amount of money in a single round, making it an sensible option for players who opt for a more low-risk approach. By cashing out early, players lower the chances of the plane unexpectedly crashing and ending their game. -
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الجمعة, 17 كانون2/يناير 2025 22:02
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الجمعة, 17 كانون2/يناير 2025 21:59
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