مذكرة تأسيس إنجليزي
Memorandum and articles of Association of the
INTERNATIONAL BIJA CULTURAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATION
[I.B.C.R.A]
The 'IBCRA' is a voluntary, non-governmental, non-profit making Association, whose aim is to compile, study and document the Bija culture. The word 'culture' is used here to cover language, arts, literature, tradition, Customs, beliefs, social norms and relevant development studies.
Objectives
1- Establishment of the written language (in Arabic and Latin Scripts) and promoting literacy materials and education in Bedawiet.
2- Publication of both bi- and trilingual dictionaries (Beja/Arabic/English).
3- Research into the relationships between Beja and other languages to elucidate its linguistic ancestry.
4- Collection of a comprehensive corpus of Beja literature in its various forms and genres.
5- Exploration of Beja culture and its relationships to other cultures.
6- Promotion of a systematic archaeological study of Beja history with the aim of establishing a definitive historical record.
7- Issue of published materials on Beja culture.
8- Promotion of exhibitions, conferences and symposia on Beja culture.
9- Fostering relationships with research centers and academic institutions in Sympathy with the aims of the Association.
10- Developing of a Center and Institute for Beja Culture.
11- Fostering academic research, especially by Beja speakers.
Articles of Association:
The Administrative system of IBCRA shall consist of a General Assembly, and a Board of Directors.
The General Assembly:
Shall convene every two years.
Shall decide general policy and outline procedures that best achieve the aims of the Association.
Shall elect a board of five directors.
The Board of Directors:
Shall specify operating procedures as directed by the General Assembly.
Shall, at its first meeting, elect from its members a chairman, two vice- presidents, an administrative secretary and a financial secretary.
Shall have as a quorum three fifths of its members.
Shall have a fixed duration of two years after which new elections shall be held.
The Board of Directors shall produce a report of all its activities and shall present this to the meeting of the General Assembly.
Simple majority will take the resolutions, and the chairman shall have the casting vote.
The Board of Directors may appoint ad hoc committees for every activity of the Association,Members of these committees may be co-opted from outside the Association.
The Board will strive to obtain scholarships for its members in relevant fields of study. Applications from members for these scholarships will be assessed by the board and awarded by them as appropriate.
The board may appoint salaried officials to further the work of the Association.
Duties of Board Office Holders
The Chairman:
shall chair both the Board of Directors and the General Assembly.
Shall report on all his activities to the Board.
The Chairmen or his delegate shall be the representative of the Association before others.
The Administrative Secretary:
Shall be responsible for safe keeping and filing of all Association documents.
Shall be responsible for convening meetings after being so instructed by the Chairman.
Shall be responsible for taking minutes at Board meetings.
Shall present an Annual administrative report to the Board of Directors.
Shall present a report to the GM about the lapsed session.
The Financial Secretary:
Shall be responsible to the Board for all financial matters relating to the Association.
Shall maintain accounts that accurately represent the financial state of the association.
Shall present annual accounts to the Board and to the General Assembly.
To be accountable before the Board and G. M. in regard to all pecuniary matters- as decided by the Board- in respect of revenues and expenditure.
b) To present an annual performances report to the Board.
c) To present a report to the GM about the lapsed session.
Membership
The Association Membership is open to All Beja People and to all those actively interested in the aims of the Association.
Terms of Membership:
1- All prospective members must submit a written application or fill in the Association's membership application form.
2- Acceptance for membership of the Association will depend on the agreement of the board or a membership committee authorized by it.
3- Membership will be dependent on payment of the annual subscription decided by the board.
4- Students and full members of universities may enjoy reduced rates at the discretion of the Board or the Membership Committee. In order to qualify they must produce documentary evidence of their status.
5- All membership payments will be made to the Financial Secretary.
6- At the discretion of the Board a member may be offered a reduction in their subscription if they pay five or more years in advance.
7- Any Association member of ten or more years standing and who has paid all his subscriptions may be offered life membership free of further charge.
Honorary Membership
The Board may offer honorary Membership to any researcher who presents a dissertation on any aspect of Beja Culture.
Honorary membership of the Association shall not exceed 40 in number, and no more than five may be appointed at each session of the Board.
An honorary member is exempt from all membership subscriptions.
An honorary member may not vote at meetings of the General Assembly but may participate fully in all debates and discussions.
The Board of Directors may cancel any honorary membership if it is felt to be in the interests of the Association.
Association Finance
The financial resources of the Association are:
a) Membership subscriptions.
b) Donations and grants.
c) Income from the Association 's cultural activities.
Addenda
1- None of the above Articles of the Association may be altered without a Two-thirds majority of the General Assembly.
2- The Arabic Text is the original text of this Memorandum and Articles of Association.
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الجمعة, 17 كانون2/يناير 2025 17:16
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What New Glenn will do
In some ways, New Glenn has already made its mark on the launch industry. Blue Origin has for years pitched the rocket to compete with both SpaceX and United Launch Alliance — a joint venture of Boeing and Lockheed Martin that buys engines from Blue Origin — for lucrative military launch contracts.
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The US Space Force selected Blue Origin, ULA and SpaceX in June to compete for $5.6 billion worth of Pentagon contracts for national security missions slated to launch over the next four years.
Blue Origin also has deals with several commercial companies to launch satellites. The contracts include plans to help deploy Amazon’s Kuiper internet satellites and a recently inked deal with AST SpaceMobile to help launch the Midland, Texas-based company’s space-based cellular broadband network.
New Glenn could also be instrumental in building Blue Origin’s planned space station, called Orbital Reef. Blue Origin and it commercial partners, including Sierra Space and Boeing, among others, hope the station will one day provide a new destination for astronauts as the International Space Station is phased out of service.
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New Glenn vs. other powerful rockets
New Glenn packs significant power. Dubbed a “heavy-lift” vehicle, its capabilities lie between SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket and the more powerful Falcon Heavy launch vehicle.
SpaceX’s workhorse Falcon 9, for example, can haul up to 22.8 metric tons (50,265 pounds) to space. While New Glenn is capable of carrying about double that mass, it may also be roughly the same price as a Falcon 9: reportedly around $60 million to $70 million per launch.
“I think in order to compete with Falcon 9, you have to go head-to-head or better on price,” said Caleb Henry, the director of research at Quilty Space, which provides data and analysis about the space sector.
The question, however, is whether Blue Origin will be able to sustain a competitive price point, Henry added.
Still, one feature that makes New Glenn stand out is its large payload fairing, or nose cone. The component protects the cargo bay and is a whopping 23 feet (7 meters) wide — nearly 6 feet (2 meters) larger than that of SpaceX’s Falcon 9 or Falcon Heavy.
Henry said Blue Origin likely opted to outfit New Glenn with such a large fairing in order to help fulfill Bezos’ vision of the future. -
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الجمعة, 17 كانون2/يناير 2025 17:13
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Blue Origin had planned to launch a pair of Mars-bound satellites on behalf of NASA for the first flight of New Glenn.
But delays with the rocket’s development prompted the space agency to change course, moving that flight to this spring at the earliest. So for this inaugural flight, Blue Origin opted to instead fly a “demonstrator” that will test technology needed for the company’s proposed Blue Ring spacecraft — which will aim to serve as a sort of in-space rideshare vehicle, dragging satellites deeper into space when needed.
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The demonstrator on this New Glenn flight will remain aboard the rocket for the entire six-hour flight, Blue Origin said, and it will validate “communications capabilities from orbit to ground” as well as “test its in-space telemetry, tracking and command hardware, and ground-based radiometric tracking.”
The Blue Ring Pathfinder demonstrator is part of a deal Blue Origin inked with the US Department of Defense’s Defense Innovation Unit.
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Why Blue Origin wants to reuse rockets
Similar to SpaceX, Blue Origin is aiming to recover and refly its first-stage rocket boosters in a bid to make launches less expensive.
“Reusability is integral to radically reducing cost-per-launch,” the company said in a recent news release, using the same oft-repeated sentiment that SpaceX has touted since it began landing rocket boosters in 2015.
Bezos, however, has acknowledged the importance of reusing rocket parts since he founded the company in 2000 — two years before Musk established SpaceX. And the company has already developed its suborbital New Shepard tourism rocket to be reusable.
“It’s not a copy cat game,” Henry said. “Blue Origin has been pursuing reusable vehicles since before reusable vehicles were cool. Now it’s much more of a mainstream idea (because of SpaceX). The difference is that it’s taken Blue Origin so much longer to get to orbit.”
If successful, returning the New Glenn rocket booster for a safe landing will be a stunning feat. After expending most of its fuel to propel the rocket’s upper stage to space, the first-stage booster will need to make a clean separation. The booster must then maneuver with pinpoint guidance and reignite its engines with precision timing to avoid crashing into the ocean or the Jacklyn recovery platform.
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