البجا واليات حفظ السلام
وفق قوانين العرف والادارة الاهلية
إعداد الأستاذ/ جعفر بامكار
باحث فى تراث وتاريخ البجا
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
المقدمة:
اى مجتمع من المجتمعات الانسانية فى حاجه ماسة وضرورية لاليات لحفظ السلام والضبط الاجتماعى وذلك لتقليل الصراعات ودواعى الفتنن والحروب والا فان هذا المجتمع سوف يتحلل ويضعف ويفنى بالحروب ولن يستطيع ان يتمكن من الحياة والعيش فى سلام ووئام وامان وكذلك لن يتمكن هذا المجتمع الذى لاتتوفر له هذه الاليات من توفير البئية والاجواء المناسبة لكسب العيش والازدهار الاقتصادى والثقافى وبدون ذلك لن تتوفر له حضارة او تعزيز للثقافة . ولذلك فان الاليات حفظ السلام والضبط الاجتماعى تصبح ضرورة حياتية لا مفر منها وهذه الظاهرة ظاهرة انتاج المجتمع لهذه الاليات نجدها بين كل الشعوب فى العالم بلا استثناء قديمها وحديثها وان كانت هذه الاليات باشكال مختلفة وبدرجات متفاوته من الفاعلية والنجاح او الفشل والعجز وكذلك الامر بالنسبة لشعب البجا وقبائله بشرق السودان عبر تاريخهم القديم والحديث.
1- تعريف:
من هم البجا:
شعب البجا يعتبر من اقدم الشعوب السودانية التى عاشت منذ اقدم العصور فى المنطقة الواقعة جنوب مصر وشرق النيل حتى سواحل البحر الاحمر ومن منطقة اسوان بجنوب مصر وحتى مصوع بالاراضى الاريترية وينتشرون حالياً بولاية كسلا والبحر الاحمر وغرب وشمال ارتريا وباعداد اقل فى ولاية نهر النيل وولاية القضارف وبالصحراء الشرقية بجمهورية مصر العربية.
منذ القدم عرف البجا باسماء مختلفة عبر العصور ولكن حالياً ينقسمون لمجموعات قبلية هى:
- الهدندوة
- الأمرار
- البشاريون
- الحلنقة
- الارتيقا
- البنى عامر
- الحباب
- الاشراف
- الكميلاب
- الشعياياب
- الحسناب
وتتحدث معظم قبائل البجا لغة التبداوى ويتحدث اغلب البنى عامر والحباب لغة التقرى وهما لغتان مختلفتان فالاولى حامية والاخرى سامية.
3- اريخ البجا باختصار:
تاريخ البجا تاريخ موغل فى القدم فقد عاصروا دول الفراعنة والبطالسة والرومان والاكسومين والعرب والاتراك والبريطانين والدويلات المسيحية ببلاد النوبة بشمال واواسط السودان وكانت لهم مواقع وحروب واحداث مع كل هذه الدول وهم وبحكم مجاورتهم لساحل البحر الاحمر واتصالهم بالعالم الخارجى ولوجود الذهب بارض المعدن ببلادهم كانوا دائماً عرضة للاطماع والتدخلات الخارجية من القوى الاجنبية بجانب ماتعرضوا له من حروب دينية فرضت عليهم من المسيحين والمسلمين على حد سواء وقد دافع البجا عن الهتهم ومعتقداتهم الوثنية التاريخية .
4- عادات وتقاليد البجا:
للاسباب الى ذكرناه تعرضة منطقة البجا للتدخلات والاطماع والغزوات الخارجية ولعدم وجود الدولة المركزية القوية التى تفرض النظام والقانون لفترات طويلة من تاريخ البجا فان ظروف قد اقتضت ان يكون شعب البجا مقاتل بالضرورة فلذلك فهم يهتمون بالسلاح وادوات الحرب ويكونون دائماً على استعداد لمقاتلة العدو الخارجى واحياناً مقاتلة بعضهم فى شكل قبائل متنافسة على الزعامة او على المراعى والاراضى ولذلك فهم يعلون ويعظمون من قيمة الشجاعة والفروسية والبسالة والدفاع عن القبيلة ولديهم اعراف وتقاليد متعلقة بمسالة الحروب والقتال لايسمحون لاحد منهم ان يتجاوزها والا لحق به العار للابد وفى ثقافتهم ايضاً وفى اشعارهم ومقطوعاتهم الموسيقة واغانيهم يمجدون صفات القتال ويزمون الجبن والغدر والتخاذل عندما تحين ساعة المعركة .
البجا يعزفون على الربابة التى سمونها الباسنكو ومقطوعات من الموسيقى البحته المتوارثة والتى لها اسماء محددة وهذه المقطوعات تعزف للتعبئة للقتال والحرب ، البجا ايضا لايحترمون الرجل الاعزل من السلاح لذلك تجد تقاليدهم الراسخة حمل السلاح دائماً .
5/ دواعى القتال والحرب عند البجا عبر التاريخ:-
1) محاربة الغازى الطامع فى الارض والثروات.
2) غزو البجا لبدو للمناطق الحضرية بجنوب مصر وبلاد النوبة وذلك للسلب والنهب عندما تضيق بهم سبل الحياة بمناطقهم المعرضة للمجاعات من حين لاخر.
3) التصدى للغزوات ذات الطابع الدينى وذلك دفاعاً عن الهتهم الوثنية التاريخية وهذا ما حدث عند حروبهم للاكسوميين والنوبة والرومان والعرب.
4) الحرب دفاعاً عن الاوطان والاراضى والمراعى من توغل القبائل البجاوية المجاورة لها لأن لكل قبيلة بجاوية اراضى معروفة لايسمح لاحد ان يدعى ملكيتها او يقوم بالاستفادة منها دون موافقة القبيلة المعنية ، وهذه هى طبيعة الحروب الاهلية الداخلية لدى البجا.
5) الحرب والقتال بسبب السرقات التى يقوم بها قطاع الطرق والهمباته خصوصاً سرقة المواشى وعلى راسها الابل التى تعتبر الثروة الكبرى عند البجا.
6) الحرب والقتال بسبب النساء دفاعاً عن العرض واحياناً انتقاماً وثاراً لاشخاص قتلوا من القبيلة لسبب او اخر.
7) الحرب والقتال بسبب التعدى على المزروعات من قبل اشخاص او من قبل المواشى وتخريب هذه المزروعات.
8) موخراً حرب ذات دوافع سياسية ضد الدولة المركزية وهذه الحروب الاخيرة هة الاولى من نوعها فى تاريخ البجا من حيث دوافعها واساليبها ووسائلها وهى تتميز بتعقيدات كبيرة من حيث مفهومات الثقافة البجاوية رغم ذلك فان هذه الحروب لم تبتعد كثيراً عن قواعد الحرب وقوانينها المنعارفة عند البجا وهذه القواعد تمنع وتحرم حرق البيوت والممتلكات او قتل النساء والشيوخ والمرضى والضعفاء ومقاتلة الاعزل من السلاح واساءة معاملة الاسرى ودفع المواطنين العذل المسالمين لمغادرة اراضيهم واغتصاب نسائهم او مصادرة مواشيهم وهكذا فلا يمكن باى من الاحوال مقارنة حرب شرق السودان ضد الحكومة المركزية بحرب الجنوب او دار فور ففى الشرق كما ذكرنا فان الحرب محكومة بقواعد واعراف راسخة وهذا ما لفت نظر المراقبين المحليين والخارجيين وكان مثار اعجابهم واستغرابهم وبالفعل لقد اتصل بى عدد منهم خصوصاً الخواجات ويطلبون تفسيراً لهذه الظاهرة وهم معذرون لعد المامهم بعناصر الثقافة البجاوية.
6/ اليات حفظ السلام والضبط الاجتماعى:
رغم ان البجا لم يعرفوا الدولة المركزية القوية لفترات طويلة من تاريخهم وعانوا من غياب النظام والامن مما جعل هاجس الامن حاضراً فى فكرتهم ومشاعرهم ولذلك انشأوا إدارات اهلية منذ القدم يكون راسها زعيم قوى يصل الى السلطة عن طريق الوراثة وليس الانتخاب ويعاونه مشايخ وحكماء من اعيان القبيلة ويصدورن احكامهم وفق القوانين العرفية المتوارثة لديهم والادرات الاهلية كالاتى:-
Ø ناظر الهدندوة.
Ø ناظر الأمرأر.
Ø ناظر البشاريين.
Ø ناظر الحلنقة.
Ø ناظر البنى عامر.
Ø ناظر الحباب.
Ø عمدة الارتيقة.
Ø عمدة الكميلاب.
Ø عمدة الاشراف.
Ø عمدة الشعياياب.
Ø عمدة الحسناب .
لكل من النظار المذكورين اعلاه شيوخ خطوط اى شيوخ ينوبون عن الناظر فى مناطق محدودة وقد يكون للناظر وكيل او وكلا لبعض المناطق . وبجانب هولاء هناك العمد والمشايخ لبطون القبيلة المختلفة . هناك ايضاً بجانب الناظر ووكلائه وشيوخ الخطوط والعمد والمشايخ اللذين يشرفون على الشئون الادارية والعلاقات مع الدولة والاجهزة التنفيذية ، هناك قضاة يحكمون بالقوانين والاعراف البجاوية . فى العقود الاخيرة اصبح بعض البجا يلجأون الى المحاكم المدنية والجنائية والشرعية وخصوصاً بالمدن وذلك نتيجة لهجرتهم الواسعة للمدن وارتباطهم بها وقد دفعهم لهذه الهجرة الاوضاع المأساوية المتدهورة بالارياف نتيجة للجفاف والتصحر وعدم التنمية والرعاية من قبل تلدولة . الجدير بالزكر ان النظام الادارى والقضائى عند البجا كله وراثى ولا يخضع للانتخاب.
7/ ملامح القانون العرفى عند البجا:
هذا القانون متوارث عبر الاجيال ويخضع للسوالف بمعنى ان حدثت قضية متشابهة حالياً لقضية سابقة صدر فيها حكم معين فان ذلك الحكم ينطق على القضية الجديدة. رغم ان القانون العرفى غير مدون لان لغة البجا لم تكتب حتى الان الا ان البجا اقوياء الذاكرة ويحفظون عن ظهر قلب الكثير من بنود هذا القانون فالمحاكمات دائماً علنية وتكون فى شكل مجلس مفتوح يحضره رجال الادارة الاهلية وقضاة المحاكم الاهلية وعامة الناس بجانب المتقاضين وكل من حضر من حقه ان يدلى برأيه ويشارك فى المداولات. دائماً تنتهى هذه المحاكمات التسويات التى ترضى كل الاطراف. ظاهرة المجلس لحسم القضايا والمنازعات شئ مقدس ومحترم لايسمح بالتويش عليه بل من الكروه والمعيب مقاطعة المتحدث قبل ان ينتهى من كلامه . ايضاً من مميزات القانون العرفى عند البجا ان النساء لايحضرون مجالس الرجال ولا تحاكم المرأة وفق هذا القانون وان كانت مذنبة . ايضاً من مميزات هذا القانون عدم توريث المرأة للارض وان كان مسموحاً لها وراثة اى شئ من الممتلكات الاخرى.
بعد قيام الدولة المركزية الحديثة بالسودان اصبحت هناك قضايا خارج طاق القانون العرفى وهى جرائم الجنايات الكبرى كالقتل ولا تتدخل الادارة الاهلية فى هذا الشان الا بعد صدور حكم المحكمة وذلك لاجراء التسوية ودفع الديات وتشجيع اهل القتيل للعفو.
كذلك فى العقود الاخيرة تعرضت الادارة الاهلية لهزات عنيفة منذ صدور قرار حل الادارة الاهلية ايام النميرى ثم اعادتها مرة اخرى ولكن بعد ان لحق بهذه الادارة اذى معنوى كبير افقدها هيبتها وقدسيتها كذلك صدرت مؤخرا قوانين منظمه للاداره الاهليه واعطت لها بعض الصلاحيات وتم تخصيص مرتبات وحوافز ودعومات للعاملين فى مجالها .
رغم ذلك فان الادارة الاهلية وبحكم التطورات السياسية والثقافية والحراك الاجتماعى اخذة فى الضعف والاضمحلال ورغم ذلك فهناك دور تلعبه لما لها من اعتبار رمزى ومعنوى عند افراد القبيلة خصوصاً فى الارياف .
اهم المشاكل التى تتدخل فيها الادارة الاهلية مشاكل المنازعات حول ملكية الاراضى وكذلك قضايا الدماء مادون القتل ومشاكل التعرض للنساء والسرقة وتخريب المزارع والاساءات خصوصاً من الشعراء . معظم الاحكام فى مثل هذه القضايا تنتهى دائماً بتسويات المالية على حسب سوابق القانون العرفى . من الملاحظ ان القانون العرفى عند البجا يلتقى احياناً مع احكام الشريعة الاسلامية واحيانا يختلف كما ذكرنا بخصوص عدم توريث النساء للاراضى وعدم اقامة الحدود الشرعية فى حالة السرقة والزنا وغيرها وعدم تجريم المراة وان اذنبت .
اهم ميزات هذا القانون ظاهرة المجلس : وهى الية ديمغراطية على ارفع مستوى تتيح لافراد المجتمع فرصة المشاركة فى النقاش والمداولات والتمهيد للخروج بافضل تسوية ترضى جميع الاطراف .
قديما كان البجا يطلبون من الشخص الذى ينكر الجريمة ان يلحس قضيب من الحديد الساخن بلسانه فان احترق لسانه فهو كاذب ومذنب وان لم يحترق فهو صادق ولكنهم اقلعوا عن هذه العادة ولجأوا لشهادة الشهود والقسم على المصحف الكريم.
فى جرائم القتل قديماً يلجأون لقتل القاتل او العفو عنه واخذ الدية بشرط نفى القاتل من المنطقة التى ارتكب فيها جريمته .
البجا فى تاريخهم القديم لم يعرفوا السجون ولكن قوانين الادارة الاهلية مؤخراً اعطتهم الحق باصدار احكام بالسجن لفترات قصيرة وفى هذه الحالة يسلم المحكوم عليه لادراة السجون لتمضية فترة حكمه .
فى العقود الاخيرة وبعد الهجرات الواسعة للبجا نحو المدن اصبح فى امكان البجاوى ان يلجا لمحاكام الادارة الاهلية ان شاء او يلجا للمحاكم المدنية والشرعية والجنائية الحديثة .
البجاوى الريفى فى الغالب يفضل محاكم الادارة الاهلية لانه يعلم ان هذه المحاكم سوف تؤدى به التسوية مرضية وكذلك يلجأ اليها لتفادى البطء فى التقاضى عند المحاكم الحديثة وكذلك لتفادى تكاليف المحامين الباهظة بجانب معاناته من حاجز اللغة الذى يمنعه من الافصاح تماماً بشكواه.
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تعليق
السبت, 15 آذار/مارس 2025 11:11 مشارك من قبل Lyle
The final train to finish off the barbell complicated is the barbell push press.
Not dissimilar to workout #1 (above), besides the focus is dumbbell complexes.
If you’re short on time, you do NOT must go to a fitness center and
push some weights round AND then go for a run or hop on the train bike.
Right Here are some examples of full physique dumbbell workouts using
the exercises above... Principally, the dumbbells are used simply to scale up the intensity of the leaping
lunge, which is often only a bodyweight plyometric motion (similar to doing dumbbell burpees).
It is necessary to note that as a outcome of the weights do not change for any of
the workout routines, the "weakest" exercise in the complicated sequence
is what ultimately dictates the resistance stage of the
dumbbells. A dumbbell complicated is a sort of strength circuit where you complete 2, or extra workout
routines with a dumbbell again to again with no rest without the
dumbbell touching the bottom. Dumbbell complexes can be utilized as a workout, or inside
a exercise.
Throughout training, a sure share of the sequence is
masked, and the mannequin must predict which amino acid belongs to each of the masked positions.
The model gathers a information base of protein language by means of grammar and semantics of the information set on which it was skilled on. The learned representations show important enchancment with increased data set dimension and mannequin capability.
The use of a big pre-trained language mannequin can help in determining which amino acid residue(s) could be essential for protein operate or stability.
Here, we inferred the chance of a mutation at a given position using the evolutionary landscape of the unique protein sequence.
We obtained the transition likelihood scores for every amino acid residue at every position by applying a softmax perform
to the logit output of the transformer. The language model used for
predicting the transition chances is a 650M-parameter transformer educated throughout 86 billion amino acids from 250 million sequences76.
This, in flip, then allows the following helicase activation complicated, Sld3-Sld7, to interact with
the phosphorylated N-terminal tails of Mcm4 and Mcm626. Subsequently, Sld3-Sld7
promotes the binding of Cdc45, whereas Sld2, Dpb11, GINS and Polymerase ε (Polε) turn out to be recruited upon S-phase specific
cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activation27,28.
These steps yield two Cdc45-MCM2-7-GINS (CMG) helicase complexes, which characterize the core
of the replication fork29–31. Yes, dumbbell chest exercises can help
address muscle imbalances.
Here we have a full body dumbbell exercise that
is nice for building durability and brute power. We extremely advocate this one
for athletes who need to construct power and injury resilience.
It goes to work your pretty much each muscle in your body a
method or another (either isotonically or isometrically),
however it emphasizes the abs, obliques, low again, shoulders,
chest, triceps, higher again, hamstrings, and glutes.
B The Dbf4 SCR-G mutant was analysed for its interplay of DDK with MCM2-7 DH.
Comparable outcomes had been obtained in three
independent experiments. C Volcano plot evaluating WT and SCR-G DDK phosphorylation of the MCM2-7 DH.
Two-sample Student’s t-test carried out with three replicate intensities thought-about per group.
P-values had been corrected for a number of comparisons to an FDR of
zero.05 (permutation-based FDR). D Volcano plot vital phosphosites visualised using HCA coupled to
a heatmap of z-scored website intensities.
All in all, this is a actually nice exercise to build up
athleticism and get that heart rate pumping. Verify out my new energy and interval cardio combo exercise.
This is large in terms of fat loss, contemplating your resting
metabolic rate accounts for roughly 70 % of the calories
you burn each day.
Right Here, we speculate that a hinge region between the HBRCT and the other sections of DDK allows versatile engagement of Mcm4 or
Mcm2/6 (Figs. 6c and 9a). These interactions are characterised by patches of weak
contacts (Fig. 4a), which assist several various swivel states (Figs. 6c and 9a), however may replicate tracking of phosphorylation sites along the Mcm N-terminal tails.
At the energetic web site itself, ATPγS is held from the top by
K76 and E90 of the N-lobe, which collectively stabilise the
α phosphate of ATP during catalysis (Fig. 3b).
In addition, T43 of the P-loop/GEGTFS motif (aa40–45) and invariant K165 contacts the thio-phosphate.
Beneath ATPγS, D182 positions the Mg2+ ion from one aspect and N168 from the opposite
aspect. Notably, Cdc7 adopts an energetic configuration that is primed for
phosphorylation and, aside from the substrate-binding
site, makes little to no contacts with the core of MCM2-7.
Each DDK subunits, Cdc7 and Dbf4, are regularly discovered to be overexpressed in most cancers and that is correlated with most cancers growth and
poor prognosis37–39.
This EMOM exercise of the day entails performing four leaping workouts – squat bounce, leaping lunges,
field bounce, and knee faucet. Since all are plyo workouts, it will be challenging, so attempt to manage it in accordance
with your health level. The final train within the dumbbell complex is the dumbbell flat bench press.
The next train of the dumbbell advanced is the dumbbell push press.
Work your method through six rounds of the beneath
circuit, resting for one minute between every spherical.
For most efficacy, strive not to drop your weights as soon as
you have began a spherical. The key to a great dumbbell complicated is guaranteeing that lifts
occur in logical order. For instance, how did the dumbbells get there if you did a bent-over row
followed by an overhead squat?
You can’t always re-create these overtime, twelfth round, last lap, dig-deep situations,
but you can certain as shucks prepare your
physique to get ready for them with some exhausting and
fast bouts of conditioning. That being mentioned, the primary cause I created a program constructed almost entirely of complexes was to indulge
myself in the fruits of their versatility. As a matter of truth, I challenge you to discover a single health aim that advanced coaching can’t
enhance. I Will omit the set/rep schemes for the sake of brevity;
Dan John also contains advised formats in the article linked to above (in basic,
hold whole reps per exercise below 10). Similar
results have been obtained in two independent experiments.
I name this the "Fat Frying Trifecta" cardio with weights workout.
Keeping your chest up at all times, take a step backward with one leg, bending your entrance knee
till the again knee touches the ground. With a
slight bend in the knees, push your hips back and slowly lower the bells in the course of the bottom, pinching your shoulders back and sustaining a flat again. When you are feeling a stretch in your hamstrings, pause and explosively return to and upright
place. Maintain your dumbbell in entrance of your chest together with your palms going
through upwards.
Dumbbells are extraordinarily effective for constructing muscle, rising energy, enhancing athleticism and burning fat.
Moreover, they're most likely the most versatile
training device there might be. So, if all you had access
to was dumbbells, you most definitely can build a great physique.
Dumbbell workout routines and body weight workouts are
greater than sufficient to get in and keep in stellar shape.
Getups may also fall into the mobility section beneath, however when it comes to strength, they’re tough to beat.
In Pavel Tsatsouline's e-book, Easy and Sinister, he mentions that old time Russian sturdy men wouldn’t prepare their apprentices till they might perform a getup with a a hundred lbs over
their head. Incorporating excessive depth training like complexes
allows you to enjoy the metabolism-boosting benefits of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) for
several hours after you put the weights down.
If you're doing a physique half cut up, you will have a workout that focuses on simply
chest. Assuming you are doing just a chest workout with dumbbells,
here is how a good one can look. This exercise is nice for
full chest activation, however the major goal is your outer,
internal, and higher chest. When using a dumbbell, you simply hold it inÂ
vertically with both hands on the handle. Your arms shall
be at about sternum level and from there you slowly press ahead until your arms
are prolonged then slowly bring it again to
your chest. The hammer press is a good various to the usual dumbbell bench press
for people who wish to take a little stress off their shoulders.
In addition, we seen the weird structural configuration of Cdc7,
Dbf4 and Mcm4. Here the Mcm4 tail is threaded through a Dbf4 loop,
which may help, along with the SCR, to restrain and guide the Mcm4 N-terminus in the course
of the phosphorylation course of (Fig. 9b–e). This speculative mechanism might explain how the Mcm4 N-terminal tail turns into phosphorylated in a more environment friendly method.
The simulation also reiterates the significance of
a negatively charged acidic residue close to the goal serine and explains how even a preceding acidic residue to the goal web site might assist achieve phosphorylation. The
dumbbell is probably the primary piece of kit you’d list out
if somebody were to ask what belongs in a gym.
We even have extremely efficient total physique dumbbell workouts on the finish for those who want to
do dumbbell-only workouts that target muscle tissue head
to toe. For a well-rounded exercise, you might aim to
incorporate 3-5 compound exercises that focus on totally different muscle teams.
Dumbbell complexes have long been underappreciated in the world of men’s health.
Lately I’ve been thinking outdoors the field with my complexes.
Comparable to the clean and press, it requires lots of explosive power to row your
dumbbells whereas remaining secure. Remedy this error by pushing
your hips back as if you’re sitting in a chair.
Just squatting by itself prompts almost each muscle in the body, from the quadriceps
and hamstrings to the glutes and even the back muscular tissues (2).
This is where the awesomeness of compound workout routines is
available in. This two-month, field-tested strength-training program will present you
one other way.
If that is all you propose to do, see how many rounds you possibly can complete in forty minutes.
Resting for intervals of 2-3 minutes is an effective directive to use – remember, you’ve been performing a working set for what could have been most likely
round three minutes straight. If you’re a man who’s after serious goals within the weight room, 9 instances out of 10, you’re going to learn from a facility that accommodates these
targets. If you don’t have access to that, even for a
quick while, you’re going to be pissed off in your makes an attempt to succeed in them.
Both way, this exercise will depart you sweating, respiratory onerous, and feeling strong.
Having grasped the basics of dumbbell complexes and their myriad benefits, it’s
time to delve deeper. Superior techniques can amplify
your results, refine your physique, and elevate
your fitness prowess. Here’s how one can harness the
full power of dumbbell complexes and make them an integral part of your fitness
regimen. The "secret sauce" in this method is that the workout routines follow a logical order and circulate.
The weights travel in a progressive sequence, in this
case starting in an overhead position (A1- DB Push Press) and in the end finishing
 with the weights on the bottom (A5-DB Elevated Push-Ups).
If you experience pain when going deep into the push up, restrict your range of motion.
Over time you'll find a way to work on rising your vary of movement by
getting lower and lower. Be certain to keep the motion balanced by shifting your arms
with equal house and pace. Use a weight that you can management well so
you will get a deep stretch and full contraction on the high.
Put Together to maximize your positive aspects with our unique 12-week hypertrophy
coaching program. Choose between a 4 or 5 day training split and
gain 2-12 kilos of muscle over 90 days... -
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His back displayed excellent muscle separations, significantly in poses like the rear double
biceps, where each part of his back appeared finely etched.
His back was the epitome of aesthetics, making him a standout even without the acute width seen in different
opponents. Cutler’s rear lat unfold was his signature again pose, displaying his
unbelievable width and thickness. His broad upper again, combined with a tight waist, created a dramatic and powerful silhouette on stage.
By constantly switching up his movements and grip variations, Cutler achieved each mass
and element all through his again. Jay Cutler, a 4-time Mr.
Olympia champion, constructed a status along with his blocky, powerful physique, particularly his spectacular
again.
If you train with 80 lbs, one or two warm-up sets with a lighter weight
is sufficient. But if you’re a complicated lifter and load the bar with tons of and hundreds of pounds, you need to start with a
lighter load and gradually increase it to prepare your muscular tissues.
The teres main, often called the "lat’s little helper," is a small muscle that assists the latissimus dorsi in extending,
medially rotating, and adducting the upper arm. It works in tandem with
the rotator cuff muscular tissues to maintain your humerus’s stability.
The latissimus dorsi, generally known as the lats, is amongst the two largest muscle tissue within the
higher body and contributes to the V-taper look desired by bodybuilders.
Your delts and triceps are more sizeable however encompass a quantity of smaller elements.
Remaining vertical with heavy weights requires super back and core power.
The basic warm-up for all of them must be 5
to eight minutes on a rower, however you could additionally
do a couple of units of chin-ups or lat pull-downs. Warm-ups for every exercise aren’t shown, but
completely do a quantity of units beginning mild and progressively transferring
up on the primary two exercises earlier than shifting on to your heavier working weights.
Fortunately, dumbbell rows and any type of rowing machine with chest help are
both safe and effective so that you can blast your lats with.
Hammer Strength, Arsenal Energy, and Panatta Sport are just three tools manufacturers that produce a big selection of glorious rowing machines with assist to brace your torso in opposition to.
Keep In Mind, your objective is to warm up, not cardio fitness, so maintain a low to
average exercise depth. You want to protect your vitality for the main bodybuilding
back workout. The ultimate pieces within the puzzleare the muscle tissue round yourshoulder blades, which are thefoundation for each upper-bodylift.
Research from the Universityof Minnesota discovered they increaseoverall strength.
They additionally giveyou the rounded shoulders (andforearm shots) of Rafael Nadal.
Suppose you need racks (and racks) of barbells, kettlebells and dumbbells to pack size?
Constructing larger spinal erectors could make your back
thicker when seen from the side. If you row without
supporting your torso, as you’d do with a barbell row or cable row, then your
spinal erectors will want to work to maintain your back from rounding ahead.
That’s even more true of deadlifts as a result of your spinal erectors are much more likely to
be a limiting factor. Inverted rows strengthen your upper
arm muscle tissue and posterior deltoid by pulling your weight up whereas flexing on the shoulder joint; they’re superb
for creating a strong thoracic cage.
The greatest exercises for thicker back goal key muscle groups such as the latissimus dorsi, trapezius,
and rhomboids, all essential in establishing that coveted V-taper silhouette.
By specializing in fixed pressure, proper kind, and progressive overload, you'll be
able to maximize muscle progress and obtain a again that's not only aesthetically impressive
but functionally strong. You could additionally be thinking
that deadlifts are for the legs and glutes, however it's
also nice for back thickness. Begin together with your toes shoulder
width apart to ensure stability and proper type. After you are warmed up,
you've 12 minutes to complete all deadlifts. For set one, do 5
reps. Relaxation 60 seconds and try 5 reps once more.
If you might be unable to complete 5 reps do 4, if you cannot do 4 reps do three, should you can't do three reps do two, and if two reps is an excessive quantity of,
do one.
You ought to select pull-ups, chin-ups, pull-downs, and pull-overs for width.
The dumbbell row is a unilateral exercise the place you practice one aspect
of the physique at a time. This warm-up protocol consists of a common warm-up (cardio) and a muscle-specific warm-up with applicable
workout routines for the muscles you’re training at present.
Making Ready your physique earlier than diving into a
exercise session is always a good idea to optimize performance and reduce the risk of harm.
Your rest intervals ought to be long enough so that you just can recover adequately for the following set.
Training back takes a lot out of you, and those massive, highly effective muscular tissues usually require a quantity
of minutes of restoration to carry out your best.
Maintain the opposite finish whereas standing perpendicular to it, then row
the bar up and towards your hip, focusing on squeezing your shoulder blades
collectively on the prime of the motion. You have a greater variety of pulling muscle tissue than urgent muscle tissue, so it could take a wider
variety of exercises to train them all. Plus,
again muscle tissue are usually quite good at dealing with larger training volumes.
You can even prepare your rotator cuff with overhead urgent movements.
After all, whenever you press a weight overhead, you’re externally rotating your shoulders underneath a heavy load.
The Barbell One Arm Bent over Row is a top train for constructing again thickness.
It includes utilizing a barbell and performing a bent-over row with
one arm at a time, targeting the muscles in the
again to advertise strength and thickness. The incline bench position helps isolate the again muscle tissue while stopping
cheating or momentum during the exercise. Correct form and method are essential to keep away from
harm, making it necessary to start out with lighter weights and gradually increase as energy and stability improve.
With the cut up stance offering stability and a broader
range of movement, it is recommended to make use of average
weight dumbbells while focusing on proper form and approach.
Incorporating this exercise into a daily routine can significantly sculpt
and strengthen the again muscles, alongside other noteworthy exercises talked about within the
article. This focus fortifies rotator cuff muscle tissue and teres
minor, minimizing vulnerabilities to injuries that can throw a wrench in both athletic
endeavors and every day duties.
Despite his immense again growth, Wolf battled lower again issues all through his profession however still managed to maintain one of the most visually impressive backs in bodybuilding.
Wolf’s rear lat spread was his defining pose, where his upper lats would flare out dramatically, making
his waist appear even smaller as compared. His philosophy of surprising the
muscles by continuously various his routine kept his again rising and enhancing all through his
career.
Focus on pulling along with your back, driving your elbows again, and squeezing your shoulder blades collectively
for maximum contraction in your lats. The Seated Resistance Band Row is a wonderful train that provides a variety of benefits for
individuals of all fitness ranges. This seated variation of the
classic rowing train engages a quantity of muscle teams, together with the again, shoulders, and arms,
whereas providing a low-impact exercise that can be performed nearly anyplace.
Incorporating the Seated Resistance Band Row into your fitness routine can improve posture, strengthen your higher body, and improve overall muscular endurance.
Using a wider grip during workout routines like pull-ups,
lat pulldowns, or rows could be an effective method to activate
your back muscles. The wider grip increases the lever size, which creates
a longer movement between the resistance and the axis of rotation on the shoulder joint.
This locations a larger emphasis on the muscle tissue answerable for shoulder extension and scapular retraction, primarily the lats, rhomboids,
and trapezius.
Kevin Levrone, "The Maryland Muscle Machine," introduced a novel mixture of thickness and aesthetics to the bodybuilding stage.
His back, much like his general physique, struck the right
stability between measurement and symmetry. Wolf’s again was one of the widest in bodybuilding, creating an almost exaggerated V-taper that made him stand out in any lineup.
His upper lats flared out dramatically, giving
him a broad appearance, while his lower again maintained strong definition. Arnold Schwarzenegger, probably the most iconic
bodybuilder of all time, had a back that was as well-known as his charismatic persona.
With 7 Mr. Olympia titles, his broad V-taper and muscle improvement outlined the
golden age of bodybuilding. His extensive lats gave him an imposing V-taper, while his muscle density ensured that his again appeared as strong because it was broad.
Building these muscular tissues thickens the sides of the neck and improves
neck stability. This muscle runs from the higher cervical vertebrae
to the highest of the shoulder blade (scapula).
It helps elevate the scapula and assists with
neck side-bending and rotation. A well-developed levator scapulae contributes to the
fullness between the neck and shoulders. The lower lats can be difficult to activate successfully because of
a scarcity of mind-muscle connection, making it tough to totally contract the muscle fibers during every repetition.
It provides the inspiration for all compound workout routines and lots of the activities
you carry out every day. Highly Effective back muscular tissues improve posture,
stability, and total body mechanics, enhancing efficiency
within the gym, different sports activities, and on an everyday basis actions.
It Is essential to note that whereas a wider grip can enhance back muscle activation, it might additionally enhance the involvement of the biceps and
forearm muscle tissue. Due To This Fact, it's essential to maintain correct type and give consideration to engaging the back muscles all through the exercise to ensure
optimum outcomes. Utilizing your lats, or latissimus dorsi
muscle tissue, can significantly contribute to constructing a wider
again. The latissimus dorsi is a large muscle group positioned
on each side of the back, extending from the higher arm bone to the decrease
backbone.
I am an expert strength & conditioning coach that works
with skilled and worldwide teams and athletes.
I am a published scientific researcher and have completed my
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To carry out this train, maintain a barbell or dumbbells with an overhand grip
while bending on the hips and preserving your back flat.
When it comes to building a robust back, bodybuilders emphasize progressive
overload – steadily increasing weight or resistance
during exercises to continuously problem and stimulate muscle development.
Bodybuilders emphasize the significance of including a selection of workout routines in their back exercises.
They stress the necessity for compound movements corresponding to deadlifts, which engage multiple muscle teams concurrently.
Positioned below the middle and decrease trapezius,
the rhomboids, comprising the most important and minor rhomboid muscles, may not be visible but nonetheless contribute to
again thickness when adequately developed. You Will want to use a pad as a outcome of as the shoulders
roll forward, the bar will observe onto your neck. Weights that used to really feel impossibly heavy will begin to feel easily manageable.
The rowing workout routines to include are a matter of personal preference, but attempt to decide dissimilar
actions. To focus on building back thickness, incorporate Exercise #1 centered
around rows into your routine. Utilize a selection of rowing workout
routines that includes completely different tools corresponding to dumbbells, barbells, and cables to successfully target various
areas of the back together with the lats, traps, and rear delts.
To develop a wider back, it's essential to concentrate on workout routines that focus on the lats.
Pull-up variations, corresponding to wide-grip pull-ups or lat pull-downs, are particularly effective in engaging the lats.
Start with your weakest arm by performing as many reps as potential in a single minute, emphasizing stretch and method;
relaxation one minute and match this variety of reps
on the stronger arms. Rest one minute, then do the identical
factor for forty five seconds on the unique arm; relaxation 45 seconds
and observe swimsuit on the weaker arm.
Rest 45 seconds and the ultimate set on the strong arm go for 30 seconds, relaxation 30 seconds and end for 30 seconds on the weaker arm.
It’s no coincidence heavy deadlifts are synonymous with
great again growth. The deadlift focuses on your erectors as you lengthen your torso to full vertical.
Neck Rotations are glorious for improving neck flexibility and lowering stiffness, however they do not immediately construct
neck muscle.
The Cable Elevated Row emerges as an instrumental addition to any
back-focused coaching routine as a end result of its ability
to provide a complete workout expertise. These compound actions will target
totally different areas of your back for optimum thickness
and energy. You can’t have an impressive physique without a formidable again, and extra importantly,
the true strength of lifting and pulling objects originates from, well… robust back muscles.
It Is basically the identical movement, but you're not pulling your whole body weight.
It’s truly one of the best compound actions for
gaining dimension and power in the back, along
with the hips and hamstrings. What's extra, if you want to
improve huge compound movements like the deadlift and bench press, a strong
again will assist that, too. Build energy and thickness in your
higher back with these rowing exercise variations.
These dynamic workouts not solely assist build a sculpted and
strong posterior chain but in addition contribute to functional strength that
transcends the fitness center. Integrating strongman exercises presents a
chance to raise your training expertise by embracing unconventional
yet effective methods for attaining a defined and resilient back.
Incorporating strongman exercises into your back exercise
regimen can bolster overall energy and thickness.
Strikes like farmer’s walks, tire flips, and atlas stone lifts engage a number of muscle groups concurrently,
selling significant features in back improvement.
Incorporating the Barbell One Arm Bent over Row
into your exercise routine might help you achieve a strong and sculpted again. By adding
this exercise along with others recommended right here, you presumably can work in course of developing a powerful level of muscle thickness whereas also enhancing total athletic performance. -
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Is Testosterone a Steroid?
Testosterone vs. Steroids Explained
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Want to shred fat like a pro athlete?
Whether you're aiming for peak performance or just looking to get ripped,
understanding the role of testosterone in your body is key to achieving
your goals. But is testosterone itself considered a steroid?
Let's dive into the details and clear up any confusion once and for all.
Is Testosterone a Steroid? Testosterone vs. Steroids
Explained
The question on many minds is whether testosterone, a hormone produced by the
body, is classified as a steroid. While both substances are often associated with muscle growth and
performance enhancement, they're not the same.
Let's break it down.
What is testosterone?
Testosterone is a naturally occurring hormone in men that plays a crucial role
in muscle development, fat loss, and overall health.
It's produced by the testes and adrenal glands and is part
of the body's anabolic process—meaning it helps build and repair tissues.
Where is testosterone produced?
Testosterone is primarily synthesized in the testes
for men and in the ovaries for women, although it can also be produced by the adrenal glands.
This explains why both men and women have testosterone levels that vary throughout their lives.
Why do some men suffer low testosterone?
Low testosterone (hypogonadism) is a common condition that can lead to symptoms like fatigue, reduced
muscle mass, decreased libido, and mood changes. It's often due
to factors like aging, poor lifestyle choices, or underlying health conditions.
Is testosterone a steroid?
This is where things get tricky. While testosterone is a hormone,
it's not a steroid. Steroids are a type of synthetic molecule designed to mimic the body's natural hormones.
Anabolic steroids, for example, are man-made versions of testosterone and other
hormones intended to boost muscle growth and physical performance.
The real difference between testosterone and steroids
The key distinction is that testosterone is a naturally occurring
hormone, whereas steroids are synthetic compounds.
Testosterone plays a vital role in maintaining health and well-being, while steroids are often used illicitly for their potent effects on muscle growth and strength.
The dark side of anabolic steroid use
Abusing anabolic steroids can lead to serious health risks, including liver damage,
cardiovascular issues, psychological instability, and hormonal imbalances.
It's important to recognize that natural hormone production is
the safest and most effective way to achieve fitness goals.
Summary – Is testosterone a steroid?
In summary, testosterone is not a steroid but a hormone produced by the body.
While both substances can influence muscle
growth and performance, they are fundamentally different in origin and function.
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The forearms are situated on the lower arm and are answerable for manipulating the hand and wrist in addition to being
answerable for grip energy. However, the biceps additionally includes different elbow flexors such because the brachialis.
That stated, additionally it is possible to emphasize the quadriceps (forward lunges, leg extensions, and leg press) or the hamstrings (deadlifts, leg curls, reverse lunges) and in addition isolate the glutes.
By pairing complementary teams, you maximize the load on primary movers whereas also
recruiting stabilizers for functional power.
First up after the bench press is the incline dumbbell press, for 3 units of 8 reps.
The incline dumbbell presses complement the bench press
by concentrating on the upper portion of your chest more. Additionally, the dumbbells will allow you to uncover and correct any side-to-side asymmetries you might have.
The bench press is on the same time elegantly simple and ruthlessly effective for rising your chest
measurement and energy. Load up the bar, press it for reps,
and repeat frequently – every time attempting to add slightly little bit
of weight to the bar, or one other rep to your set. Nevertheless, this coaching these muscular tissues collectively is environment friendly and effective.
Always seek the assistance of with a certified healthcare skilled previous to beginning any food regimen or exercise program or taking
any dietary supplement. The content material on our web site is for
informational and educational purposes solely and isn't meant as medical recommendation or to replace
a relationship with a professional healthcare skilled.
Here Is what you have to know to build your perfect schedule,
including two options you presumably can put into motion starting at present.
If you wish to maximize your efficiency and restoration, the quantity of carbs you eat issues
too.
For those who are more novice degree, go
along with a 3 day split or 4 day split. And if you're an intermediate lifter (say, 1-3 years
of training), a four or 5 day break up ought to be completely effective.
If you've adequate training experience, you'll have the ability to lift 6 days per week (7 days is simply an overkill for most individuals, together with prime tier athletes).
If that sounds intense and like it's lots, that’s because it is!
Working out 6 days per week puts you in the identical league as "The Rock", as Dwayne Johnson's exercise regimen includes
each cardio and weight lifting 6 days a week.
Let us simply start by saying, a 6 day exercise cut up is not
for the faint of heart...a minimal of not an efficient one.
However for those who have expertise, dedication and dedication, it might be one of
the best training cut up frequency for building muscle and power, for both women and men alike.
Dividing your exercises into coaching splits, is an efficient and
confirmed coaching methodology to extend muscle hypertrophy, increase strength, and stack on extra features.
Use these muscle pairings, as a framework, to design an effective training split specifically
for you, and one that fits well inside your work-life
steadiness. They are all effective and can help you
attain your body composition and health objectives.
A well-structured weekly plan ensures that each one muscle groups get the restoration they want without sacrificing exercise frequency.
Restoration is essential for muscle growth and efficiency, and considerate muscle group
pairing performs a giant position in making certain proper relaxation. Similarly,
pairing biceps and triceps retains the higher arm proportionate,
as both muscle teams share accountability for elbow motion. "You Will still be hitting each single muscle group on some stage,"
Samuel says.
The synergy between sure muscle tissue permits for more practical, cohesive exercises.
Let’s delve into the most effective mixtures that maximize your push day potential.
A strategic approach to muscle pairing can considerably improve your progress.
It’s important to give consideration to specific muscle teams to get one of
the best results and develop muscular tissues properly.
Did you understand 85% of professional athletes use
special muscle group combos for higher training?
The 3-day split exercise is an enormous win for those eager to work out efficiently in simply three days.
Working for opposing muscle teams on different
days offers them time to relaxation and recuperate.
We provided a rep vary for many exercises, so when you begin on the low
finish, you presumably can progress to the high quality.
Once you reach the top of the range, you should improve the load
load and drop the reps all the method down to the lower finish as needed.
You’ll discover that we have varied rep ranges
depending on the train at hand.
When it comes to muscle progress, for instance,
each workout you want to aim for 2–4 sets of 8–10
different workout routines whole (1). Your food plan performs
a significant function in muscle development and recovery.
Consuming sufficient protein is crucial for muscle restore, while carbohydrates provide the
energy needed for intense exercises. Hydration can be crucial,
as water plays a key function in practically every bodily function, including muscle contraction.
Try switching between heavy lifts and lighter ones
to keep your muscles guessing. Your 3-day plan ought to push
you hard but also give you time to recuperate.
Creating a good workout routine means understanding how muscular tissues grow and get well.
You can do cardio after your exercise, on your relaxation days, or within the morning
or night separated out of your weightlifting periods.
If it was as much as us, we’d say do cardio in the morning and weightlifting in the evening.
Your muscular tissues are strongest in the evening because your body is warmer.
For most individuals, they will get the best strength workouts in in a while within the day.
Understanding the means to manipulate quantity is vital for maximizing positive
aspects. If you notice stagnation, consider adjusting the number of sets or reps, or even the kind
of workout routines you carry out. The advantages of incorporating full-body exercises can range from time saved to fat loss to higher restoration. Yet,
whilst you suppose your workout could additionally be absolutely hitting every little thing required to be functionally match,
you might be inadvertently omitting sure key
movements. Few exercises improve your power in as many muscle groups as the deadlift.
One of the most well-liked strength-training workout routines on the earth, in addition to a aggressive
raise in powerlifting, the deadlift holds a unique position in the
pull a part of a push-pull routine. Use
a light-weight sufficient weight to maintain management of the movement always,
perform 4 units of 10–12 reps, and feel the burn.
Some folks may even expertise a loss of intercourse drive, insomnia, melancholy, reduced appetite, and the record goes on. We
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"Personally, I like to separate my week of workouts up by upper-body push muscles, upper-body pull muscular tissues and then two leg days," she says.
"But when you're coaching for a particular sport or event, the best mixtures may vary." For instance,
pairing chest and triceps allows you to perform heavy bench presses
adopted by tricep-focused workouts, capitalizing on the synergy between these muscles in urgent motions.
When it involves weight loss, any exercise cut up could be effective so long as your food plan is in verify.
To shed pounds, you should consume fewer energy than you
burn and incorporate cardio or HIIT after your workouts.
Implementing a 5 day cut up with plenty of cardio may be highly advantageous for fats loss, because it helps preserve muscle mass.
The more muscle you have, the higher your body becomes at burning fat.
There are a couple of good the reason why those workout splits I listed
above are thought of glorious methods to get the best muscle building & strength gaining
outcomes for your self. My main standards here is that the entire main muscular tissues are labored out adequately
every week, that means a enough volume of sets & reps to be able to achieve our objectives.
This coaching combo is a lot like coaching chest and biceps collectively.
Your biceps aren’t directly concerned in most shoulder exercises, so you’ll be
able to prepare each muscle teams with most depth. With this combo, you get to work two of the most popular muscle teams throughout the same exercise.
As an added benefit, your biceps aren’t immediately concerned
in the chest exercises, so they’ll be contemporary and prepared
to go, and you’ll be able to practice them with most depth.
You can, after all, train a single muscle group in a single session, but sure groups work nicely together and also can prevent overtraining one specific muscle group.
Please be at liberty to obtain our workout log
app to train this exercise (and many more!) and track your positive aspects.
Remember to try and improve the load you're utilizing in every
exercise to ensure your continued muscle progress and strength positive aspects.
For a workout with this quantity and depth,
one thing like 1–2 occasions per week is probably enough.
As Quickly As per week will probably be lots for lots of,
but should you feel that you have recovered quicker and that you can beat your previous weights, you would repeat it every 4–5 days.
Using a split like this permits to you to
cause maximal injury to a muscle in the belief that it is going to develop more.
It allows for sufficient recovery and is versatile in you could prioritize training
frequency vs training quantity, or find a happy-medium between the 2.
'Group no days off' could possibly be a thing of the previous, a current study found that
high-intensity train can require as a lot as forty eight hours rest so as to get well optimally.
Main to the conclusion that maybe when we think we have 'over skilled', we've truly 'under recovered'.
For most individuals, training multiple muscle groups in one training session is
greatest. First off, there are 9 main muscle teams, should you depend abs and
calves. Subsequently, to create the most optimal training plan you
have to train a quantity of muscle teams together.
After reading this article, you might be excited at the prospect of transforming your physique and
fulfilling your genetic potential. And to do this, you need training, nutrition, and mindset to
be aligned. This permits me to coach the muscle group from multiple angles but also in a way in order that my upper pec isn’t fatigued from the prior session and I can go full gas.
Spreading that volume over the week provides you
the chance to make each on of these units count. I’ll overtly admit this could
be a bit anecdotal and based on my expertise, but I consider it has benefit.
You have a job, a profession, presumably a household, and
you even may need a social life. Giving all that up to go practice within the gym twice a day, daily of
the week most likely isn’t going to occur.
One of the best determinants of a program’s success is whether or
not it supplies a trainee with sufficient relaxation between classes.
In fact, this is likely certainly one of the major areas that trainees
get incorrect, especially newbies. Some should favor
to make use of a very bodybuilding specific program and hit each muscle onerous as soon as every week.
To do this, bodybuilders will often prepare perhaps 5 days
and even 6 days every week. On the opposite hand, another examine printed via
SportRxiv, analysed information of 20-minute exercises that repeated simply once per week. -
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